2　本年报数据

2.1　数据上报地区及范围

本年报数据收集截止时间为2019年12月31日，上报范围为2016年1月1日至2016年12月31日全年新发癌症发病和死亡个案数据（ICD-10编码范围：C00-97，D32-33，D42-43，D45-47），以及各肿瘤登记处2016年年中人口数据。上报2016年肿瘤登记数据的登记处分布在全国31个省（自治区、直辖市）及新疆生产建设兵团（未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾省），合计登记处682个，覆盖人口476 692 113人，其中城市登记处250个，农村登记处432个。

2.2　数据质量控制及最终纳入数据

国家癌症中心根据《中国肿瘤登记工作指导手册（2016）》，参照国际癌症研究机构（IARC）/国际癌症登记协会（IACR）、《五大洲癌症发病率第11卷》对肿瘤登记质量的有关要求，从数据可比性、有效性和完整性等方面制定中国肿瘤登记年报数据纳入排除标准。依据标准对2016年肿瘤登记数据进行质量控制，同时充分考虑区域覆盖面，本年报最终纳入487个登记处合格数据作为本年报数据。

全国487个肿瘤登记处2016年覆盖人口381565 422人（男性193 632 323人，女性187 933 099人），占全国2016年年末人口数的27.60%。其中城市地区肿瘤登记处200个，覆盖人口192 628 370人，占入选年报中国肿瘤登记地区人口数的50.48%；农村地区肿瘤登记处287个，覆盖人口188 937 052人，占49.52%。

2.3　年报内容简介

本年报汇总了487个肿瘤登记处2016年癌症的发病、死亡及人口数据。详细描述了合计487个肿瘤登记处和各肿瘤登记处数据的质量控制指标，如死亡发病比例、病理诊断比例、仅有医学死亡证明书比例等。详细报道了合计癌症和22种癌症发病死亡数据指标包括：发病率、死亡率、中国人口标化率（2000年中国人口构成）、世界人口标化率（Segi’s世界人口构成），累积率，分年龄组、分性别发病率/死亡率等。部分癌症按亚部位和组织学分型进行了细化描述。分城市农村、东中西地区、七大区和各省（自治区、直辖市）及新疆生产建设兵团（未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾省），比较了各地区癌症发病死亡差异。

Chapter 1　Introduction

1　Population-based cancer registration system in China

Cancer Registration is a long-term，continuous，dynamic，systematic monitoring system. It monitors cancer’s epidemic state，trend change，and influence factor. Cancer Registration is the fundamental work of formulating cancer prevention and control strategies，launching comprehensive prevention and control research，and evaluating prevention and control results. After 60 years of development，the cancer registry provides scientific and detailed information about cancer burden and epidemic state for national cancer prevention and control，as well as supports the formulation and implementation of the cancer prevention and control policy in the different periods. In recent decades，our Cancer Registry has progressed rapidly，and its outstanding achievements have attracted worldwide attention.

Since 2008，the former Ministry of Health set up the“National Cancer Registration and Follow-up Program”to support the cancer registration in China with sustainable funding. All 31 provinces（Autonomous regions and municipalities）and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in China have gradually established a cancer registration framework. Populationbased cancer incidence，mortality，and survival information are collected through the cancer registration system. In 2015，the former National Health and Family Planning Commission and the State Administration of Traditional Medicine of China co-published Chinese Cancer Registration Management Regulation，which provides a legal protection on cancer registration in China. Under the leadership of the Chinese government，there has been a steady increase in the numbers and quality of PBCRs in China. Until the end of 2019，there are a total of 682 PBCRs，with 477 million population coverage. Trends and updated statistics of cancer incidence，mortality，and survival are comprehensively reported from the data the cancer registry collected.

However，with the advent of the Big Data Era and the development of modern internet technology，the deficiencies of traditional registration monitoring methods gradually emerged. It cannot fully support the national health decision making，satisfy the increasing demand of people’ s health concerns，and fulfill the requirements of cancer prevention，clinical diagnosis and treatment，and scientific research.

Due to the insufficient and unevenly distributed cancer registries，the insufficient data depth and breadth，and the low utilization of interactive sharing of information resources，The Plan of Healthy China-The Implementation Plan of Cancer Prevention and Control（2019-2022） develops three implementation strategy：“Coverage Expansion” “Quality Improvement” and “ Efficiency Increment” to fully promote cancer registry from system standards，data quality，and resource sharing aspects.

“Coverage Expansion”：by revising Chinese Cancer Registration Management Regulation（2015）and Chinese Guideline for Cancer Registration 2016，releasing consensus policy of cancer registration and implementation proposal of cancer registration，expanding the coverage of the annual report，and fulfilling provincial responsibility system to further improve the cancer registration system.“Quality improvement”：by promoting the“National Cancer Registration Platform Project”，establishing a multi-level cancer registration expert team，and developing the standards of registration data collection and data quality monitoring to improve the data quality of cancer registration.“Efficiency Increase”：by strengthening the information construction of cancer registration，developing registration data management regulation and data security management regulation，promoting the integration of different resources，and conducting Big Data application research，to increase the efficiency of sharing and utilization of information resources.

The National Cancer Center has mainly completed the construction of the National Cancer Registration Information Platform. Part of the data in this annual report was reported through the new platform. It is believed that under the new development opportunity，The cancer registration work of China will achieve real-time reporting， dynamic monitoring，and multi-dimensional presentation，and provide solid scientific support for the policy formulation，work implementation，and effect evaluation of cancer prevention and control of China in a more timely and effective manner，so as to serve the “Healthy China”strategy better.

2　Data specification in this annual report

2.1　Data collection scope

NCC required all PBCRs to submit new diagnoses and deaths from cancer in 2016（ICD-10：C00-97，D32-33，D42-43，D45，D47），as well as the corresponding population data before 31th，December，2019. A total of 682 cancer registries submitted data to NCC China，covering a total of 476 692 113 population. Among the 682 cancer registries，250 were urban cancer registries and 432 were rural cancer registries.

2.2　Data quality control and qualified data

According to the“Chineseguideline cancer registration，2016” and the standards of International Agency for Research on Cancer/International Association of Cancer Registries（IARC/IACR）on “Cancer Incidence in Five Continents，Vol.Ⅺ”，we have published a national criterion on data quality for Chinese cancer registration data from aspects of comparability，completeness and validity. We applied strict quality control on data and consider the wide coverage of different geographic areas in China. A total of 487 cancer registries were included in the present China Cancer Registry Annual Report.

The 487 cancer registries covered a total of 381565422 population（193 632 323 males，187 933 099 females），accounting for 27.60% of the national population in 2016. Especially，there were 200 urban cancer registries covering 192 628 370 population（50.48%）and 287 rural cancer registries with population coverage of 188 937 052（49.52%）.

2.3　Content of this annual report

The present annual report summarized data of the cancer incidence，mortality，and demography through 487 cancer registration sites in 2016. We reported the quality control indicators including mortality incidence rate ratio（M/I），percentage of morphological verification（MV%），percentage of death certificate only（DCO%），et al，overall and by registration site. We reported data of new cases and deaths of all cancers and by site，including crude incidence，mortality，age-standardized rate（ASR）of China population，ASR of Segi’s world population，cumulative rates，age，and sex-specific rates. Moreover，we presented detailed distribution of subsite and morphology for some cancers. We compared cancer incidence and mortality rates by urban and rural areas，three geographic areas（eastern areas，central areas，and western areas），the seven administrative districts（North China，Northeast China， East China， Central China， South China，Southwest China，and Northwest China），and 31 provinces（Autonomous regions and municipalities） and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps（data of Hong Kong SAR，Macao SAR，and Taiwan Province is not included）.