Preface
He qun
I
This book is the author's record of major research work and research results from October 2011 to October 2012 at the Moscow University （ethnology teaching and research office of history department）.
During her stay in Russia，the author focused on the study of Russian social and ethnic conditions，the environment and the survival of small ethnic groups in China and Russia，absorbed and borrowed the results of Russian peer research，and explored the above fields through extensive and in-depth social practice.During the period of Russia，under the guidance of Prof.А.А.Nikshinkov，my co-director，who is professor of history at the university of Moscow and director of the teaching and research office of ethnology，Russian national famous historian.the following work was mainly carried out：
（1） Using the opportunity that the relevant departments of the Chinese Embassy in Russia arrange me to make an academic report on the “Russian National Status and Research” for Chinese students in Russia，systematically sort out and summarize relevant information and combine the author's personal field investigation in Russia，and form the research report “Russian national conditions and good governance in the new era-combined with reflections on the field work in the Tuva area”.
（2） At the invitation of Prof.А.А.Nikshinkov and Prof.Alena Valeryevna Ayizhen of the National University of Tuva，I visited Tuva State University，which is located in Kizils，the capital of the Russian Republic of Tuva in Central Siberia，and went to the towns and villages of Tokinsk （Tokyo） in the eastern part of the Republic of Tuva for a two-week study with the research team of Professor Alena Valeryevna Ayizhen.
（3） Translating and organizing the translation of three famous papers by Professor А.А.Nikitshenkov and Russian counterparts.
（4） While conducting academic work on the topic of visiting the school，using the opportunity，the author visited the cities of the Russian Arctic Sami native Murmansk，the Russian writer Tolstoy's hometown Tula and the “bright forest hollow”.Rural areas and resorts hope to reach out to and understand all aspects of Russian society as much as possible，and experience and meet the storms and thoughts from Russia.It also intends to use the analytical tools of transnational population mobility，human commonality and cultural differences and symbiosis in the globalization trend，and hopes to have some understanding of the material and spiritual living conditions of Russian and Chinese businessmen and students in Russia-Moscow.To this end，in addition to paying attention to and paying attention to daily life，we also use all opportunities to visit the trade and wholesale markets of Chinese merchants such as Moscow Rebino Market and Sadavo Market，and participate in the observation of Moscow Chinese Christian Church activities.And the “Autumn Camp” activities organized by the church in Russia and China，and timely record and analyze the above activities.The above content，combined with the focus of attention and important field points，timely collection，collection of ethnological objects，pictures and photos.Another： This book is included in the academic report of the author，Professor А.А.Nikitenkov，who was invited by the cooperation tutor during the period of the University of China，and invited by Professor Yang Shengmin，the dean of the School of Ethnology and Sociology of the Central University for Nationalities，and another scholar.An article on the study of national sociology in the Tuva region of Russia.As a resource for information and interested readers，there may be a need for knowledge storage.The book also selects and incorporates relevant literature on the history，geography and culture of the Russian Republic of Tuva.
All of the above，together constitute a relatively systematic monograph that observes contemporary Russian society and ethnic style from an anthropological/ethnic perspective.Perhaps the most commendable point of the book is that it is from the author's field observations and investigations.It is “on the spot” and is an anthropological scholar's observation and reflection from the fiery field.Here，the basic classification of human beings as high-level animals—gender，embodied in social division of labor，occupation，and “female anthropologists” who may not be related to gender，is also a matter of interest，swaying and erratic.Physiological gender and gender，such as women are more likely and convenient to enter the field of social life，family，emotions，male love，short parents and other human life，or even close to the core of life.In any case，the intuition，experience，and perspectives that female anthropologists may have may also have such characteristics and advantages in problem-cue discovery，data-material salvage，and so on.
The book is set up with two articles.“Part I： Observation and Thinking” consists of three parts，namely，“Learning and Living Notes in Russia （from October 20，2011 to October 21，2012）”，“Investigation and Investigation Notes in the Republic of Tuva，Russia （2012） July 29-August 12）”，“Russian national conditions and good governance in the new era-combined with field practice in the Tuva area”；“Next： Literature and Research” consists of six parts，roughly rout able for three pieces.One is to present three representative translations，such as perspectives and authors' national identity，around the issue of the national cultural status of the multi-ethnic Russian Federation，the national identity pattern，or the consciousness of the Russian national community，including the Russian translation of the author during the Russian period.The famous ethnology professor А.А.Nikshinkov's paper “Russian national and national identity in the context of modern civilization” and “the ‘East-West’ dialogue model in the Buryat spiritual tradition-Dorgi Bangzharov academic and social activities” （[Russia] А.А.Nikshinkov，translated by Zhou Hongmei），“Tuva and nature-related rituals and customs”（[Russia] Alena.Valeryevna.Ayi Zhenwen，translated by Yan Ying）； Second，in 2010，Professor А.А.Nikshinkov was invited to visit the academic report of the School of Ethnology and Sociology of the Central University for Nationalities.On the basis of the field investigation of the author of the article，and on the social situation of the Republic of Tuva before and after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s，the study of Tuwa society and national identity is quite influential.The paper：“National Relations in the Republic of Tuva after the Disintegration of the Soviet Union”[1]，and 8 articles on the history，social and cultural studies of Russian Tuva collected by the author during his study abroad in Russia.
The above content，combined with the focus of attention and important field points，timely collection，collection of ethnological objects，pictures and photos，in this book with content and as an irreplaceable supplement and evidence of the content in the form of text using nearly 190.
Anthropologists want readers to accept what they write is true.In this regard，research has produced interesting findings.“Anthropological writings rarely explain how they derive their recognized scientific knowledge from unique and private experiences and their relationship to textual practice.These monographs evade discussion of authors.How to build your own field，how to interview，how to establish your own ethnographic authority，and how to achieve results.”[2] “Anthropology is a science.The anthropological ‘field’ can be anywhere.So the subject of the subject Not independent，leaving ‘our’ observations will have nothing.Theory and practice cannot be separated，and ethnography （descriptive notes） is itself a product of anthropology （theoretic）.”[3]The essence，or the content of the book，the formation of the knowledge structure，in addition to the use of the literature as much as possible，the extensive collection and absorption of second-hand materials，mainly based on the observation and reflection of the author's fieldwork，and even to some extent，these Observing and thinking，“...not because of providing objective data for theoretical research”[4]，but also for“...not Line to join their point of view，you can not just copy the locals saying，”[5]committed by field investigation and found that the real objective world，form their own understanding.
Following the above ideas，the“separation” of the book on the ground to observe and reflect the traces left，mainly relying on the field work records，that is，the form of notes and diaries.Some sociologists have scrutinized the academic quality of this form of scientific research “results”.“A good field diary is also a reflection of what the investigators have seen and heard，but because the author has a sociological vision when selecting materials.From the perspective of the interview，the content of the interview with sociological value and meaning and the observation of the village can be written into the diary.Further，he can also accommodate his own understanding of the village situation，so that the new entrant will have its own vision through reading.It feels that this will be very useful for them to quickly integrate into the 'local culture' of the community in which the respondent is located.”[6]So，in terms of anthropology，what is the relationship between field work notes and anthropological knowledge production？ Or is the field work note a research result？ In this regard，Margaret Mead，the famous anthropologist，the anthropological classic “The Sex and Temperament of the Three Primitive Tribes”，and “The Samoan Adults-A Study of the Psychology of Primitive Humans for Western Civilizations" I talked indirectly when I talked about a book reprint.”This book is the first time I traveled to the field when I was 23 years old.It has been nearly 50 years since I left.Since 1926，I have been away from Pago Papa.Goa returned to the Western world and wrote everything I knew.By November 1971，I stepped out of the plane under the light of a television camera.The world has changed dramatically...Since its first publication in 1928 Since then，this is my fourth preface for the reprint of this book...Some young critics even asked me，when will I revise this book？...It must be intact，like all The anthropological work is as intact as it records very accurately what I saw in Samoa，documenting everything I can express，and what we have learned about human behavior in the mid-1920s.In fact，it is real； it also truly reflects our hopes and fears about the future of the world.”[7] “It must be intact，”because this book “is the first time in my field trip when I was 23 years old.，...It records very accurately what I saw in Samoa，and recorded everything I could say that I saw...”.The core part of the book is the research results of the author's observation and thinking in the foreign countries.The field work notes and research reports，the historical relics and relics collected from the fields，the life scenes of people in the real world，the use of human beings or the human beings have not yet been involved.Wilderness.Like the hard-working scavengers，the treasures that are desperately discovered and picked up...
So，what else can the book bring to the reader and bring to the world？
Ⅱ
The status of contemporary Russian national identity and the adjustment of government policies are one of the core contents of this book.Although the Soviet Union has been in disintegration for more than two decades，the multi-ethnic countries，including China，are in the ascendant about the reasons for their disintegration，especially the role of national factors in their disintegration.There are many research results.The author combs this in the study report “The State of Russia and the Good Governance in the New Period-Combining Field Practices in the Tuva Region”，and combines the field experience and investigations in Russia to form some basic understandings.
As is known to all，in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China，there were many references to the Soviet Union in terms of national theories and dealing with national affairs systems and policies.In 1989，China reformed and opened up.In 1992，the Soviet Union was disintegrated.At the same time，China's national studies paid attention to the experience of the Soviet Union.This kind of research will eventually turn its attention to the current Russian Federation's philosophy，policy orientation and national relations development goals.Many research results have been accumulated in this regard.
After the disintegration of the Soviet Union，the national identity of the Russian society and the Russian government's thinking and adjustments to deal with ethnic issues，the pulse of the Russian national field society，and the test of the pulsation of the government's challenge and policy “fitness” during my stay in Russia One of the interests that have always been cherished.I hope that through the Russian case，we will explore how “who is a nation”，“the nature of the nation” and how the external government can achieve more effective management issues.
On the current factors affecting the national identity and social solidarity of various ethnic groups in Russia，combing，drawing on and referring to relevant research and information，and combining the author's extremely limited field experience in Russia，I initially feel that the following two major clues are mainly presented： First，The former Soviet Union's “pragmatic design of pragmatism” for ethnic relations and national work laid the groundwork for the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the future.This “the foreshadowing” was quite a period after the disintegration of the Soviet Union and was negative for the current national cohesion-nation national identity.The influence still exists，to a certain extent，it is an active component of national consciousness，and it is the potential power of power and interest appeal.Second，the modernization promotes the acceleration of international and domestic flows，the development of networks and media，and the comparative space.Expansion，so that the state of the country's economic and social development level，as well as this situation，especially the development of some aspects of the social economy，lags behind in the border areas，ethnic minority areas，especially in social divisions，and to a certain extent，the frontier multi-ethnic areas and mainstream development Regional structural development differences，widely Ethnic groups known，and this experience has become more profound in the context of globalization.A social phenomenon that may be new and mature，and which has not yet received attention is，perhaps，in the future，with the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the adjustment of more than 20 years，the release and resolution of the energy of the great national and ethnic relations，[8]From the author's field observations and experiences in Russia，especially in the actual situation of the urban and rural field investigations in the Republic of Tuva，the various ethnic groups of the Russian Federation，or the majority of ethnic groups，have no intention of going out independently from Russia.Their " "National narration" may be more dissatisfaction with the development of the nation and the region.In other words，the structural differences between ethnic groups and regions that exist to a certain extent，and how the government is committed to weakening and eliminating such differences is the need for Russia to give further attention to it.How to sum up and handle the historical experience of ethnic relations and objectively adjust the pulse and make positive adjustments will undoubtedly constitute a test of the wisdom and ability of the Russian ruling party and the government to treat the good.
More than 90% of the countries in the world today are multi-ethnic countries.The modern state has the function of regulating and balancing the interests of all ethnic groups.How to recognize and deal with ethnic issues is a topic that all multi-ethnic countries are exploring.“One of the important theoretical consensuses is the recognition of ethnic identity and differences.But on how to implement this consensus，the countries of the world The side of the practice is not the same...What is the focus of the dispute and where does the problem occur？ The answer is： how to master the degree of national identity and difference...For this problem，we need to carry out theoretical innovation research”，[9]“is to propose a new and reasonable understanding based on the reality of national politics and the development of the times.”[10]Since the 1990s，the Russian federal government has actively reflected on history and explored the national concept that is suitable for the current reality and for the sustainable development of the country，policy.In general，the core lies in re-recognizing the reality of the nation and the nationalities，emphasizing national cohesion and national identity.To this end，we advocate multiculturalism，coexistence and coexistence，and pay attention to the simultaneous development of economic and social and mainstream society in all ethnic groups and regions.
In the book，the author's co-instructor during the study abroad at Moscow University，the famous Russian ethnologist Professor А.А.Nikithenkov's thesis：“Russian national and national identity in the context of modern civilization”，on the historical heritage of Russian history，the establishment of integrity the issue of the identity patterns of Russian and Russian nationalities is sorted out，summarized and explored.First of all，with the analysis of the influence of multi-ethnic country cohesion and national identity，the deep reason for the disintegration of the Soviet Union is inferred.“If you look at the evolution of the Russian national identity，the history of the Empire，the Soviet Union and the post-Soviet era，you can find this form.The non-integrated trend presented.This process combines internal and external factors.The power of external （Western） mythology，the failure of the ‘world police’ myth，oppresses the peace-loving European people （especially the suppression of Poland after 1848）.Uprising and the non-Russian nationals of the country （especially during the Caucasus war）...Within Russia，a myth of socialist radicalism-the“Russian-People's Prison” myth...The Soviet Union's ‘socialist’ myth，which enabled the federal and autonomous republics （if no national elite established the country） to obtain the right of ‘self-determination until complete separation’，encouraged the minority to pursue the goal of localization of cadres in ethnic areas in real politics.”[11]Second，Advocating the concept of Russian Eurasian cultural integration，encouraging and agreeing to establish Russia Sri Lanka unity，unity，the inseparability of the history of ideas.“The tragic lesson of the revolution has been given a new meaning-the decline of a hostile camp after the evolution of a hostile camp in a great country.In the process，including the centrifugal tendency of the nation and the nationalists，the Russian state system and its member states were proposed.The issue of historical relations.In this regard，И.А.Irina's point of view is representative.She wrote： ‘The country，as a country where people are closely integrated，behavioral and culturally unified，does not belong to a unified church，but Including people of different religious beliefs，different denominations and different churches.’[12]”Professor А.А.Nikshinkov pointed out： “In any case，the majority of the Russian people have long exchanged and cooperated to make people of different nationalities，races and religions It belongs to the same people's community and objectively forms the connection and inseparability of life style，value concept，stable organizational relationship and interpersonal network.In other words，Russians feel their consistency and commonality.But don't intend to easily believe that there is no problem in this area.At present，many politicians admit that this is close to reality.The political determination and goal of the modern Russian Federation is to strengthen the unity of multi-ethnic countries.As the saying goes，the era of stone throwing and arrogance is over，the era of collecting stones，coping with and seeking conclusions has come.” [13]These insights，for inspiration It is undoubtedly valuable to have an insight into and compare the ethnic relations of multi-ethnic countries such as Russia.Two other articles by Professor А.А.Nikitykov： “The ‘East-West’ Dialogue Model in the Buryat Spiritual Tradition-Dolj Banzarov Academic and Social Activities” （Translated by Zhou Hongmei[14]） And “Russian ethnological development process”，as its “modern civilization background in the Russian national and national identity form” problem awareness，research background，preparations and cases，together constitute a system of understanding and understanding of their ideas.
III
Another major part of the book is the author's understanding of the insights gained from in-depth observations and investigations in the Tuva area.The Tuwa，Tuva social economy，social conditions，national national identity，etc.，which are a few areas in the Russian border areas.Concern and reflection.
“How did I get to Tuva？”-Go to the ins and outs of Tuva.In the spring of 2012，Professor Alena Valeryevna Ayizhen of Tuva National University who studied for doctoral degree at Moscow University returned to her alma mater.When she stayed at the office of the Department of History，I happened to be a co-teacher.At the time，he was the director of the Department of Ethnology，Professor А.А.Nikitenkov.Professor Nie said with enthusiasm to introduce me to a person.In this way，I met the Tuva scholar of the Tuva National University，Professor Alena Valeryevna Ayizhen，and contributed to my trip to Tuva from the end of July to mid-August 2012.In addition to conducting an inspection in the city of Kyzyl，Tuva，I experienced the city's style，the people's food，clothing，housing，travel，visits to the temple，the National Museum of Tuva，and I was fortunate to go to the group with Professor Alena Valeryevna Ayizhen.Tuva villages using reindeer in eastern WA.Prof.А.А.Nikshinkov，who was really able to go to Tuva for investigation and investigation，showed great satisfaction and interest.When I returned from Tuva to report to my teacher，I was in Tuva's experience and investigation.He showed great satisfaction and appreciation.In 1992，the disintegration of the Soviet Union，the ethnological research direction of Moscow University，was also adjusted to a certain extent.At that time，Teacher Ni was led a team to conduct field research in ethnic minority areas.His paper in the book，“Russian National and National Identity in the Background of Modern Civilization”，“East-West” Dialogue Model in the Buryat Spiritual Tradition-Dolj Banzarov Academic and Social Activities“And the academic report”The History of Russian Ethnology"，which was invited to be published in the Sociology of Sociology of the Central University for Nationalities，raised his deep concern about the status of Russian national relations and the issue of national identity.
In Russia，if you are lucky enough to visit the minority areas of the country，you should first thank you for your fate or fortunes-you can get the famous Russian history，the ethnologist Ni teacher，his academic thoughts，the inspiration and inspiration of human learning，and It is an accident and honour to receive the sincere invitation of Professor Alena Valeryevna Ayizhen-as a Mongolian race or a relationship between Tuva and China and the Mongolian history.It should be acknowledged that these do bring us some unspeakable natural kindness； this trip is also the realization of our long-awaited academic aspirations.When the author studied at the Institute of Sociology and Anthropology of Peking University more than ten years ago，Professor Ma Wei，a famous sociologist in China，introduced the Tuva society in Russia in the course of “Ethnic Sociology”.This was the first thing that triggered my interest in Tuva.Finally，when I had a chance to visit Tuva in Russia，I was glad to go there.I did not take into account the difficulties of safety，transportation，climate and so on.This has become a valuable academic experience for me to study in Russia.
In the comparison of the Tuva field，in the comparison，the author has deepened the understanding of the following three aspects： the elimination of structural differences between various ethnic groups and regions is the foundation of national stability； the complexity of the national identity pattern； the road to development： Natural resource development and sustainable development.
In Tuva，it is not difficult to feel the dissatisfaction of national elites and people of insight in the development of their hometown transportation and urban construction.A large part of them is dissatisfaction with the Russian Central Committee and dissatisfaction with their support and support.How to promote the modernization process in all regions and ethnic groups throughout the country is indeed the top priority of the Russian government.The improvement of international status depends on the prosperity of the country and the people； the primary condition of the people's security is the well-off society and the improvement of the quality of life.”
In Tuva，the author has a new experience and a new understanding，that is，“What is the‘nationality’”？ People can't cut history-national historical memory，people can't live without reality-national and cultural adaptation.“Nationality”is a community of people who are affected by changes in the external and internal factors of the country and society.In Tuva，the author emphasizes that as a federal subject-the minority，the local local government，and the Russian government，they all need to face reality and hold a historical，realistic，rational and objective attitude.As far as the central authorities are concerned，under the premise of fully respecting the constitutional powers of various types of federal subjects and dealing with the affiliation with the central government，the most crucial thing is to closely focus on the key to“development is the last word”and enhance its international status.In this way，as a national and a federal subject，under the already established situation，it is necessary to realize that the fate of the local people has been co-prospered with the Russian state.In analyzing the development prospects of the nation and the region，it is necessary to repeatedly recognize the fact that it has left the development and support of the country as a whole，and that any federal place cannot achieve self-sufficiency in economics，resources，and talents.
In general，in Tuva，this is the edge of Russian geography，or the edge of humanity-Tuva，looking back at Moscow，looking back at Russia，looking back at the central and core，feeling the national identity of Russia in Tuva，Taking into account the situation of Russian social cohesion，it is preliminarily believed that the traditional cultural functions of the Tuwa still play a central role，and at the same time absorb a lot of Russian culture and modern cultural elements； the “Tuwa”-“We are Tuwa people”national consciousness，national emotion The sense of national identity is still very strong.At the same time，the Russian state has a clear identity and is eager to achieve rapid development of its own family and the region.
In addition to the author's knowledge gained on the ground，the book is a essay entitled“The Disintegration of the Soviet Union or the Ethnic Relations of the Republic of Tuva” by Stefan Sullivan of the Russian Institute of S.and Anthology of the University of Oxford.This is a rare research report on the political，economic and social conditions of Tuva for more than 20 years.The author of the article was investigated in Tuva in 1992.“Tuva is the youngest autonomous republic in the former Soviet Union.It is located in the two mountains on the upper reaches of the Yenisei River-between the Sayansk Mountains to the north and the Donnuula Mountains to the south.It is precisely the geography of the Asian continent.Center.There are very few people in this remote republic： the road conditions are very poor，there is no railway line...”[15] “The main problem left by the Soviet period that has worsened the current ethnic relations is that Russians are gaining more and more in economic development.Privileges，while exploiting the wealth of natural resources，the Tuva can only be assigned to a smaller share.Other problems are only brought about by the alienation and the alienation of rural youth.Finally，the higher birth of the rural population The rate-mainly due to the increase in health care-has exacerbated unemployment in rural areas，and has also increased immigration to cities，which has led to increased social tensions and housing shortages in the capital Kyzyl.In recent years，a considerable degree of crime，youth gangs，alcohol abuse and drug abuse have increased.”[16] As a study of the collapse of the Soviet Union Tuwa is of great significance in the case of ethnic relations and regional development； the Tuva economy and infrastructure conditions described and analyzed in this article，as well as social problems such as unemployment and closure，have confirmed and responded to the author's field observation to a certain extent.To achieve equality and mutual benefit among all ethnic groups in a multi-ethnic country and cultivate a sense of national identity is a question worth studying.The lessons of the Soviet Union are worth learning.[17]
As a Tuva，a national historian with deep national sentiments，enthusiasm，talent and rigor，and diligence，as an important part of the book-the paper of Professor Alena Valeryevna Ayizhen “Tuva The rituals and customs related to nature and nature” （translated by Zangying[18]） have irreplaceable authority to help outsiders to understand Tuva culture.Also as the real voice from the world of Tuva，the local TV station interviewed and produced the eastern Tuva，Sayanling Nanxun and the extension area of the traditional reindeer Tuva in the Tozhi area，also the author of the August 2012 with the Tuval National University Alina The team's local-known Tuva friend Stevelana and the reindeer Tuva's life documentary，the book's narration and the narration of the reindeer Stevina's protagonist，vividly reflects the contemporary reindeer industry.The impact，the reindeer and the government's efforts to revitalize the traditional reindeer industry.Frozen soil，moss，forest，reindeer，this will undoubtedly constitute a comparison with the social and cultural changes of Lukwenke in the northwest slope of Daxing'anling in China.Perhaps “change” is not a bad thing，but rather that “change” does not mean cultural disruption.The concept of “tradition” itself is put forward in the study of modern anthropology.It emphasizes the sense of cultural belonging in anthropological research，rather than the“tradition” in the sense of true origin.[19] It is accurate to understand “tradition”.The redefinition and orientation of this “traditional” connotation contains the reality and reality that a certain culture has changed or is changing，that is，the “traditional” or “traditional culture” discussed in the contemporary refers to the “cultural sense of belonging”.And “the ‘tradition’ in the sense of non-genuine origin”.[20] “They are aware of the importance of culture，struggling between the traditional roots and the industrialized world，while finding a balanced fulcrum.” [21]In fact，the reality of cultural change and change also shows national psychology，national consciousness，or cultural belonging.A variety of discomforts caused by a sense of belonging to the impact of modernization may be a more real factor that triggers the problem of real ethnic relations.Here，the dynamic “traditional”-a sense of belonging，and the dynamic “modernization”，form a time and space interaction.Tuva has a small ethnic cultural trait-at least in the Tuzhi area in the eastern part of Tuva for traditional hunting，the reindeer industry Tuva.As a member of the World Reindeer Breeders Association，the World Reindeer Breeders Conference was held in Luan Township，Genhe City，China on July 25，2013.At the meeting，I met the Tuva reindeer who met in Tuva in August 2012.Ms.Stevelana，who is reported in the documentary.In late July 2013，the World Association of Reindeer Breeders was held in the ancient town of Ewenki in Gulu，China.Traditional reindeer groups from Finland，Norway，Sweden and Russia gathered together to exchange and discuss the cultural status of the traditional traditional reindeer and the way out.The author once again met with the reindeer Stevelana from the Tuvataga forest in Russia，and they were very happy and gratified.
The Republic of Tuva is a place where Russian timber，minerals and rivers are enriched.In the western hunting and reindeer industry area of Tuva，in the Tojinsk area （Tokyo），on the banks of the Yenisei River，the author really appreciates the magical nature of the imagination，including several people holding the thick pine trees，thousands of years.Deadwood，clear and jubilant river water，goose yellow，green and overgrown reindeer like to eat moss...Summarizing a lot of experience，with the Russian government's efforts to develop and build Siberia，natural resources development and ecological environmental protection，and the sustainable development of the Tuva region also make the author naturally add some worries.“On August 21st，the 7th European Society of Environmental History Conference was held in Germany and organized by the Rachel Carson Center for Environmental and Social Research at the University of Munich.The theme of the conference was “Circulation： Water-Food-Energy”.Through the analysis of the dialectical relationship between human and natural environment，we trace the history of the environment and explore issues such as climate change，energy，natural disasters，and the history of environmentalism.[22]As mentioned above，lingering in the south of Sayan Mountains，the Yenisei River and tributaries The lush natural vegetation on both sides of the strait，the virgin forest，and the natural beauty of the Tuva area are sighing and gratifying； at the same time，the contrast with the inconvenient transportation，closure，the people's economic and cultural life and the backwardness of Russia's European part cannot help People are jealous.“Development” is the last word.The question is which development concept is adopted，whether it is to sacrifice the natural environment and seek to improve the modernization of infrastructure，or to protect the natural environment，and even to maintain and defend a certain traditional cultural style to delay development，and thus even Missing some opportunities for traditional cultural development？ This is another heavy thought that Tuva has brought to me.The problem is often that the parties do not estimate the hidden dangers of development and industrialization，or even if they anticipate，it is difficult to resist the driving force of the immediate interests.
IV
Russia is located in the northern part of Eurasia.The territory includes the eastern half of Europe and the western part of Asia.Its land area ranks first in the world，with 17.06 million square kilometers，accounting for 76% of the former Soviet Union （the former Soviet Union covers an area of 22.4 million square kilometers）.The border is 60，000 miles long and borders 14 countries.The population is 148 million.There are many people in the land and the land resources are very rich.Russia is a multi-ethnic country with a total of 142 ethnic groups.Due to the large number of ethnic groups and the uneven development among ethnic groups，Russia is also the country with the most complicated ethnic issues.The multi-ethnic-cultural reality that can still be felt strongly，such as the cleaners I saw in one of the biggest supermarkets near Moscow University，are mostly non-Russian，Chinese and Vietnamese in Rebrino，the largest trade market in Moscow.A non-Russian trader with a large number of Central Asians，a Yi women who bought Russian shawls in Arbat's national merchandise stores，located in Abakan，the capital of the Republic of Khakas，in the northwestern part of the city of Kyzyl.- The Khakas female clerk who bought the goods at the ethnic crafts shop in the airport bay of Abakan and her sensitive “I am a Khakas” consciousness，in the Murmansk City Museum of Nature The female librarian talked about her father's Han from Shandong...
Thousands of years of magnificent Russian national history have brought thousands of people to the weather.Sensitive to diversity and diversity，it seems to be the nature of anthropology.Overseas anthropology，or because of certain opportunities，is more like a “different culture” situation relative to China.This kind of shock will come more fiercely，the response will be stronger，and the harvest will be more fruitful.There are quite a few things in this book that present this kind of “impact，”“response，” and “harvest.” It is roughly enveloped in anthropology and certain sociology and folklore.It is located in the “field” of the stars，and appreciates the current Russian society，customs，culture，and the experience，experience，feelings and experiences of the author in Moscow and other regions during Russia.In the spring of 2012，the “Mapp combination” ceremony，the Victory Memorial of the Red Square of the Red Square in Moscow，tasted the Chess Festival Pizza in the fine snow...As for the contact with the Chinese community in Moscow，especially for the Moscow Chinese Christian Church，I can't evaluate the significance of anthropology and sociology，but I can distinguish and feel its special charm，as it confirms.As the trend of the times，cultural exchanges have changed rapidly from traditional society to regional society.The geographical boundaries and closed state among ethnic groups no longer exist.
（梁胜兴 译，周云水 校）
[1]Stefan Sullivan，translated by Liu Neng，Ma Wei School，Tianjin People's Publishing House，1997.
[2] Roberto Malighetti： “Field research，how to make field notes”，Source： “Professor of Anthropology，University of Milan，Baccarat，and Visiting Professor of Central University for Nationalities，Marillo，invited to come to the school for academic lectures”，Central People University Network，May 16，2016.
[3] Roberto Malighetti： “Field research，how to make field notes”，Source： “Professor of Anthropology at the University of Milan，Bicocca，and Visiting Professor Ma Liluo of the Central University for Nationalities，invited to come to the school for academic lectures”，Central People University Network，May 16，2016.
[4] Roberto Malighetti： “Field research，how to make field notes”，Source： “Professor of Anthropology，University of Milan，Baccarat，and Visiting Professor of Central University for Nationalities，Marillo，invited to come to the school for academic lectures”，Central People University Network，May 16，2016.
[5] Roberto Malighetti： “Field research，how to make field notes”，Source： “Professor of Anthropology，University of Milan，Baccarat，and Visiting Professor of Central University for Nationalities，Marillo，invited to come to the school for academic lectures”，Central People University Network，May 16，2016.
[6] Yang Shanhua： “Before the Interpretation of the Interpretation of the Respondents in the Field Survey”，Source： Social Science，No.1，2010，pp.64-70.
[7][United States] Margaret Mead： “The Age of Samoans-A Study of the Psychology of Primitive Humans for Western Civilizations”，Zhou Xiaohong and other translators，The Commercial Press，2010.Author“Preface to the 1973 Edition”，New York Museum of American History，June 26，1972.
[8]“The delegation of the Ministry of Ethnic Affairs of the Russian Federation visited the university”，Central University for Nationalities Network，2016-10-13.
[9]See Zhu Lun，“National Co-government-A New Proposition of National Politics”，China Social Sciences Press，October 2012.Pages 9-10.
[10] Zhu Lun： "National Co-government-A New Proposition of National Politics"，China Social Sciences Press，October 2012.Pages 9-10.
[11]Alexei Alekseyevich Nikithenkov： “Russian national and national identity in the context of modern civilization”.He Qun translation.
[12] Alexei Alekseyevich Nikithenkov： “Russian national and national identity in the context of modern civilization”.He Qun translation.Ivan Alexandrovich Irina： "Our Task： The Dangers and Issues of Russian Nationalism"，"The Historical Destiny and Future of Russia-Proceedings of 1948-1954"，Moscow，1992，pp.288 pages.
[13] Alexei Alekseyevich Nikithenkov： “Russian national and national identity in the context of modern civilization”.He Qun translation.
[14] Director of the Russian Department of Foreign Languages，Northwest University for Nationalities，Master of Russian Teaching，Associate Professor，Visiting Scholar of Russian State University.
[15]Stefan Sullivan，translated by Liu Neng： “National Relations in the Republic of Tuva after the Disintegration of the Soviet Union”，see Ma Wei，ed.，“Theories and Methods of Western Ethnic Sociology”，Tianjin People's Publishing House，1997，P.455.
[16] Stefan Sullivan，translated by Liu Neng： “National Relations in the Republic of Tuva after the Disintegration of the Soviet Union”，see Ma Wei，“Theories and Methods of Western Ethnic Sociology”，Tianjin People's Publishing House，1997，P.463.
[17] Zuo Fengrong： “The National Pusher of the Disintegration of the Soviet Union”，Nanfeng Window，No.19.
[18]Doctor of Ethnology，visiting scholar at Moscow University，Russia，translation works including "Academic and Life-Interview with Russian Nationalists" （[Russia] В.А.Dishkov，Central University for Nationalities Press，2013 June） and so on.
[19] “Michael Hertzfeld： Discovering Real Academic Issues in the Fields”，Journal of Chinese Social Sciences，August 28，2013，issue 494.
[20] “Michael Hertzfeld： Discovering Real Academic Issues in the Fields”，Journal of Chinese Social Sciences，August 28，2013，issue 494.
[21]“2017 Look Back： Even if the language disappears，wisdom still exists，ancient knowledge will last forever”，others others，January 6，2018.
[22]Zhang Zhe： “European environmental history circles pay attention to natural circulation”，China Social Science Network，August 24，2013.